Alcoholism at home Essay -- essays research papers

Children who grow up In families In which parents abuse alcohol live in fear, own and &8220learn behavior that inhibit their hereafter lives.Many parents are worried of what is happening with youngsterren, who face the fact of excessive drinking of alcohol. Parents from soaking families, but those who strike&8217t drink are acrophobic that their children will inherit the addiction. Some parents are fearful of the destructive possibility and braking up of the family others think that children don&8217t see anything. Many, because of children, consider what will be better for the child and when it will have claims when the parents will divorce or when the family will tolerate the person who drinks. Some of these apprehensions have real reasons, other don&8217t. Against some opinion children from pathological families don&8217t have to be bad students (often times they are the best), they don&8217t have to succeed slight than their friends from &8220normal families, they don&821 7t have to be wobbly (many of them are active and pugnacious, and also resourceful and responsible). However, in this theory, there are theories and truths rattling important that we shouldn&8217t ignore, but we should get to know them and think of them. Children from alcoholic families experience everything more(prenominal) than their friends. They suffer more tense, anxiety, confusion and loneliness. These feelings favor the creation of defensive attitude.Alcoholism is more than just drinking alcohol. It is a long-drawn illness, caused by immoderate drinking, thinking about alcohol and losing mark off of consuming it. Even though many experts think that we derriere&8217t fight against alcoholism, we can limit it and get to abstinence. In some ways it is similar to a diabetic person. He can&8217t really win with the illness, but he can cooperate with his organism and avoid eating food that contains sugar. Similarly, an alcoholic person can&8217t realistically qualify the react ion of alcohol on his organism, but he can &8220meet his illness by putting away the alcohol. But it&8217s always easier to say than to do. An alcoholic person pretends that everything is fine, for example he says &8220I&8217m not that bad, &8220I drink because of my family, &8220Who would not drink if he had such a boss a... ...r smashed with toys, who takes his children for a walk is a good person in oppose to always tired and grouchy mother. But it&8217s about an alcoholic in the earliest stage of drinking &8211 the more alcohol, the less spent time with children. Control and carry-over is tied with behavior of the parent who doesn&8217t drink, but who tries to control life of the whole family. It comes off from the sense of responsibility of a parent. Also fear controls everything.There is no doubt that in alcoholic families children are the ones who suffer the most. The situation that occurs in a dysfunctional family forces them to play different roles. These are very differe nt ways of reacting to the world that comes off defensive manners against threat that comes from pathological family with alcoholic problem. No homeliness and support impede proper psychological development. Often the child thinks that the alcoholism and fights at home are the child&8217s fault. Self accusation athletic supporters them to control the situation. But in reality neither child, nor an adult can make adults become addicted to something (in this case alcohol), help them to stop drinking or cure the alcoholism.

Essays --

The beginning Crusade was a holy war that occurred in the year 1096 in Jerusalem. Jerusalem is all important(predicate) to three main religions Judaism, messiahianity, and Islam. In all of these religions, Jerusalem is considered a Holy Place. To Jews, it is the site of the original temple of God built by King Solomon. To Christians, it was where Christ was crucified and rose again. To Muslims, it was where they believe Muhammad ascended to Heaven. The Turks, which had converted is Islam, began to deny the Christians access into the holy land. Since Jerusalem was and still is special to all of these religions, it brewed trouble between the Crusaders and the Muslims. The main leader of the First Crusade, also known as, the Paupers Crusade, was Pope Urban II. While preventing the Christians from going to the holy land, The Turks had also begun to attack Constantinople. The Emperor of Constantinople soon asked the Roman Catholic church service to aid them in their defense against Constantinople. After this, Pope Urban II saw that the Roman Catholic Church could gain more power if they helped ...

The Hole in My Heart :: Personal Narratives Health Medical Essays

The Hole in My HeartWhen I was younger, I loved to play sports. Basketball was my favorite and I was always integrity of the best on the team. I could jump high to get rebounds, I could use my long arms to steal galore(postnominal) balls, I had a striking shot and I did it all with grace. It was a beautiful thing and probably the only time I ever felt completely included in a group of people. Even though I was a valuable asset to the teams I played on, I was never the best. I missed many practices because I was too tired to play. I missed some games because I was sick, and I could never run as long or hard as any one else. My parents, teachers and friends reduced me to a lazy hypochondriac and by the power of suggestion, I almost believed it. At the end of the eighth grade, I could non do it anymore. I needed to sleep all afternoon, and sharp pains stabbed my legs with every step I took. Furthermore, I had just realized that I was a lesbian and the stress was cause me to be exce ssively distracted. How could I have existed with something so powerful living in my body for so long and not know it until now? I guess societys expectations had blinded me. Of course, hindsight is always 20/20 as I reexamined my life as of that far, I could see that it had always been with me. So with the fatigue, stress, pain and illness I called it quits just a few games before the end of the season. During the next few years, I slowly limped around school, and slept through many hours of the day. I had already finished growing, so it made no sense that I slept as much as I did. I already knew why I limped I have an extra spine bone that puts pressure on my sciatic nerve causing the sharp pains in my lower body, but there was a new unexplained weakness in my hips. It was not until a trip to Las Vegas when I definitely knew there was something wrong. I was eating dinner with my mom and sister when the skin on my wrists turned puffy and I had a strange olfaction in my body and my mouth like what it feels like to touch a cotton ball with wet hands.

The Transformation of Jack in William Goldings Lord of the Flies Essay

The Transformation of knee bend in William Goldings Lord of the Flies In the novel, Lord of the Flies, Jack is the character that experiences the most change. Jack begins the novel as a somewhat arrogant choirboy, who cries when he is not elected leader of the island. Jack is gradually modify into a vicious cause of death who has no respect for human life. Through a series of stages, such as leading the choir, leading the hunting tribe, wearing away the mask, killing Simon, separating from the group and intentionally killing Piggy, Jack degenerates from a normal, arrogant school boy into a savage beast. At the beginning of the novel, Golding describes Jacks physical demeanor as inside the floating cloak he was tall, thin and bony his hair was red beneath the black cap. His face was crumpled and freckled and worthless without silliness (20). Jacks original intentions were to keep an organized group on the island. Jack agrees with Ralph when he brings the group together, saying , I agree with Ralph. Weve got to have rules and obey them. After all, were not savages. Were English, and the English are the best at everything. So weve got to do the right things (42). Although originally portrayed as a pretty normal boy, evidence of his aversion begins to emerge. While Piggy is talking, Jack exclaims, youre talking to much. Shut up fatty (21). Jack is made the leader of the hunting tribe. He and his hunters have much touch trying to hunt and kill a pig. Since he was raised as part of a sophisticated and wealthy family in England, he has not had either experience with hunting before. He struggles to become a hunter. But Jack is shown to have savage urges early. The author says, he Jack tried to convey the... ...a vicious killer who has no respect for human life. Works Cited Magill, Frank N., ed. Masterplots. Vol. 2. Englewood Cliffs n.p., 1949. 3 vols. Matuz, Roger., ed. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Vol. 58. Detroit Gale, 1990. 68 vols. Michel-Micho t, Paulette. The Myth of Innocence,. Matuz 175-7. Comments You have a solid discussion of Jacks interlingual rendition as well a good grasp of your language and grammar. Your introduction and your conclusion should be more detailed. In the introduction you should introduce the novel, itself, and introduce your topic. wherefore is a developing character important to the development of the novel? Your conclusion should discuss how the change in Jacks character has affected the rest of the group, how it has affected the plot, and perhaps, wherefore Jacks character degenerated instead of improving.

Essay example --

The Old Man and The Sea is an unbelievable story of a man with struggles within nature. The simplicity of the storys structure engages readers of on the whole ages. How the main character overcomes his struggles and tribulation is wild, inspiring, and humanistic. The tale can easily be taken into every aspect in life situations. It is truly a unmingled with an unforgettable plot that leaves the reader wanting more. The fiction novel, The Old Man and the Sea became one of the most enduring works of Ernest Hemingway. The novel was written in 1952 and published by Simon & Schuster Inc. Hemingway, is known for writing main characters of courage and conviction. Therefore, creating roles that draw a reader in.The main character is an gaga Cuban fisherman, named Santiago. Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated. Santiago has had bad luck in catching anything in the last a few(prenominal) months. One day Santia go sets out into the Gulf Stream, when he hooks a giant marlin. Fish, I love you and respect you very much alone I will ki...

Essay example --

The Old Man and The Sea is an unbelievable story of a man with struggles within nature. The simplicity of the storys structure engages readers of each ages. How the main character overcomes his struggles and tribulation is wild, inspiring, and humanistic. The tale can easily be taken into every aspect in life situations. It is truly a virtuous with an unforgettable plot that leaves the reader wanting more. The fiction novel, The Old Man and the Sea became one of the most enduring works of Ernest Hemingway. The novel was written in 1952 and published by Simon & Schuster Inc. Hemingway, is known for writing main characters of courage and conviction. Therefore, creating roles that draw a reader in.The main character is an honest-to-god Cuban fisherman, named Santiago. Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated. Santiago has had bad luck in catching anything in the last a few(prenominal) months. One day Santia go sets out into the Gulf Stream, when he hooks a giant marlin. Fish, I love you and respect you very much save I will ki...

Irish American Segregation

In the 1960s and 1970s there was a lot of different casings of segregation throughout the world, in particular in the United States. The more people immigrated here the worse the segregation became. One particular group that I was interested in learning most was my ancestors the Irish-Americans. They faced a lot of segregation just for the item that they were Irish and they were not born in the United States. But it was not just the fact that they were not born here because even the Irish-Americans who were born here were discriminated against just because of where their parents or grandparents came from.The Irish after the civil rights movement with Dr. Martin Luther King held the same type of movement to be able to gain their rights. But it was all ended with a massacre in Northern Ireland that killed 14 civilians who were participating in a peaceful march to gain their civil drop offdoms. Many of the Irish who had immigrated to American for freedom were held at the same stand ards as they were in their own country and that was as low class citizens. They were discriminated against as bad as the African Americans even though there were laws that were supposed to protect them from this type of treatment.Many Irish-Americans who were being hardened unfairly held protests and hunger strikes but not until things got to the extremes was the problem resolved and even then it was only a temporary solution. Many times the segregation was employ in housing, jobs and a very large portion in education. The children in schools were toughened differently just because they were not from America. The start of the immigration of The Irish to the American was for a new chance and then years later it was due to the failure of the potato crop in Ireland.Many of the IrishAmericans lived in ravage amounts of poverty and tried to find any work they could but with some(prenominal) people not trusting the Irish-Americans they refused to hire them. The Irish were not only a n cultural group but they were a Religious Minority Group at least until the end of the civil war. After the civil war because of their great numbers pool in the north they were able to turn the tides and were no coherenter a minority. They took control of government among other things. They went from being one of the most discriminated against free Americans to having an Irish-American being resident.Thomas Beer identifies reasons why many were prejudiced against the Irish. The American Protective Association feared that the Irish were making America a Papal state priests were allowed to ride trains free in California and Irish aldermen had attempted to fund parochial schools with funds from the city treasury. This is just a small example in ways that the Irish-Americans were treated differently in America. Once they started earning their rights back they abused that power to get the things that they wanted.All the Irish-Americans in society were then discriminated and segregat ed from society once again. Because many Irish-Americans were abusing their rights and setting trends that made a stereotype for the other Irish-Americans, all Irish-Americans were treated that way. They were then back to being told No Irish Need Apply when they went flavor for work and the only place that did not have that sign posted was the United States Army recruiting offices. They did not care if you were from here just as long as you were a citizen you could find work in the army.

The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Eight

And so he kissed her. He couldnt help it.No, he couldnt stop it. His hand was on her arm, and he could feel her skin, feel the around the bend warmth of it, and then when he looked overpower, her face was tilted toward his, and her eyeb on the whole, deep and blue that so completely unmysterious, were gazing up at him, and in truth on that point was no counsel simply no way he could do eachthing in that moment only kiss her.Anything else would fetch been a tragedy.There was an dodge to kissing hed long roll in the hayn that, and hed been t sure-enough(a) he was an expert. But this kiss, with this wo musical composition the nonpareil time it should have been art, it was all breathless nerves, because n of all time in his life had he wanted some one and only(a) in quite the manner he wanted young woman bedeck Eversleigh.And never had he wanted quite so oft to wee it all right.He couldnt scare her. He had to please her. He wanted her to want him, and he wanted her to want to know him. He wanted her to cling to him, to need him, to whisper in his ear that he was her hero and shed never want to so much as breathe the air keep out together(p) a nonher man.He wanted to taste her. He wanted to devour her. He wanted to drink in whatever it was that made her her, and divulge if it would translate him into the man he sometimes legal opinion he ought to be. In that moment she was his salvation.And his temptation.And everything in between. embroider, he whispered, his voice brushing across her lips. forbearance, he say again, because he loved saying it.She moaned in response, a soft whimpering sound that told him everything he wanted to know.He kissed her softly. Thoroughly. His lips and tongue found every corner of her soul, and then he wanted more. grace, he said again, his voice hoarser now. His hands slid around to her back, pressing her against him so he could feel her body as a part of the kiss. She was non corseted under her g birth, and every lush curve became known to him, every warm contour. He wanted more than the shape of her, though. He wanted the taste, the smell, the touch.The kiss was seduction.And he was the one being seduced. blow up, he said again, and this time she whispered Jack.It was his undoing. The sound of his name on her lips, the single, soft syllable it shot through him like no Mr. Audley ever could. His mouth grew urgent and he pressed her more tightly to his body, too utmost gone to care that hed gone hard against her.He kissed her cheek, her ear, her neck, moving surmount to the hollow of her collarbone. One of his hands moved along the side of her rib cage, the pres certain(a) plumping her breast up until the upper curve was so scraggy to his lips, so tantalizingly NoIt was more of a whisper than anything else, but still, she pushed him away.He stared at her, his breath rushed and massive. Her eyes were dazed, and her lips looked wet and well-kissed. His body was thrumming with need, and his eyes slid down to her belly, as if he could somehow see through the folds of her dress, down, down to the V where her legs met.Whatever hed been feeling just then it tripled. Dear God, he spite with it.With a shuddering groan, he tore his gaze back up to her face. Miss Eversleigh, he said, since the moment called for some thing, and there was no way he was going to apologize. non for something that good.Mr. Audley, she replied, touching her lips.And he realized, in a single blinding moment of pure terror, that everything he saw on her face, every stun blink of her eyes he felt it, too.But no, that was impossible. Hed just met her, and beyond that, he did not do love. Amendment he did not do the heart-pounding, mind-fogging, overabundance of lustfulness that was so of cardinal confused with love.He loved women, of course. He liked them, too, which he was aware made him preferably unique among men. He loved the way they moved, and he loved the sounds they made, whether they were melting in his arms or clucking their disapproval. He loved how each one smelled different, and how each moved differently, and how regular so, there was something virtually them all as a group that seemed to brand them together. I am woman, the air around them seemed to say. I am most definitely not you.And give thanks heavens for that.But he had never loved a woman. And he did not have any inclination to do so. Attachments were messy things, given to all sorts of unpleasantries. He preferred to move from affaire to affaire. It fit his life and his soul much separate.He smiled. Just a little one. Exactly the sort one would expect from a man like him at a time like this.Perhaps with a little extra tilt in one corner. Just enough to lend some wry wit to his tone when he said,You stepped into my room.She nodded, but the motion was so slow he couldnt be sure she point realized she was doing it. When she spoke, there was a certain dazedness to it, as if perhaps she was talking to herself. I wont do it again.Now, that would be a tragedy. I wish you would, he said, offering her his most disarming smile. He reached out, and before she could guess his intentions, took her hand and raised it to his lips. It was certainly, he murmured, the most pleasant welcome of my day here at Belgrave.He did not let go of her fingers as he added, I very much enjoyed discussing that painting with you.It was true. He had always liked the smart women best.As did I, she answered, and then she gave her hand a gentle tug, forcing him to relinquish his hold. She took a few steps toward the opening, then paused, turning partway around as she said, The collection here rivals any of the great museums.I look forward to viewing it with you.We shall begin in the gallery.He smiled. She was clever. But just before she reached the door, he called out, Are there nudes?She froze.I was wondering, he said innocently.There are, she replied, but she did not turn around. He longed to see the color of her cheeks.Vermillion, or merely pink?In the gallery? he asked, because surely it would be impolite to ignore his query. He wanted to see her face. One last time.Not in the gallery, no, she said, and she did turn then. Just enough so he could see the sparkle in her eyes. It is a portrait gallery.I see. He made his expression appropriately grave. No nudes, then, please. I confess to a lack of desire to see Great-Grandfather Cavendish au naturel.Her lips pressed together, and he knew it was with humor, not disapproval. He wondered just what it would take to nudge her further, to dislodge the put-onter that was surely frothy at the base of her throat.Or, good heavens, he murmured, the dowager.She sputtered at that.He brought a hand to his forehead. My eyes, he moaned. My eyes.And then, bloody hell, he missed it. She laughed. He was sure that she did, veritable(a) though it was more of a choking sound than anything else. But he had his hand over his eyes.Good night, Mr. Audley.He re moody his hand to its proper place at his side. Good night, Miss Eversleigh. And then and he would have sworn hed been prepared to allow her to depart he heard himself call out, Will I see you at eat?She paused, her hand on the outer doorknob. I expect so, if you are an early riser.He absolutely was not.Absolutely I am.It is the dowagers favorite meal, she explained.Not the chocolate and the newspaper? He wondered if he remembered everything shed said that day.Quite perchance.She shook her head. That is at six. Breakfast is laid at seven.In the breakfast room?You know where it is, then?Havent a clue, he admitted. But it seemed a likely choice. Will you meet me here, to escort me down?No, she said, her voice dipping slightly with amusement (Or exasperation? He couldnt be sure), but I will arrange to have someone else lead you there.Pity. He sighed. It wont be the identical.I should hope not, she said, slowly shutting the door between them. And then, through the wood , he heard, I plan to send a footman.He laughed at that. He loved a woman with a genius of humor.At precisely six the following morning, grace entered the dowagers bedroom, holding the heavy door open for the maid who had followed her with the tray from the kitchen.The dowager was awake, which was no great surprise. She always woke early, whether the summer sunshine was slipping in around the curtain edges, or the winter gloom hung heavy on the morning. clemency, on the separate hand, would have gladly slept until noon if permitted. Shed interpreted to sleeping with her drapes open since her arrival at Belgrave the better to let the sunlight batter her eyelids open every morning.It didnt work very well, nor did the chiming clock shed installed upon her bedside table geezerhood earlier.She thought she would have adapted to the dowagers schedule by this point, but apparently her inner timepiece was her one rebellion the last little bit of her that refused to see that she was, and forever would be, companion to the dowager Duchess of Wyndham.All in all, it was a good thing shed befriended the housemaids. The dowager might have Grace to start her day, but Grace had the maids, who took turns each morning, slipping into her room and shaking her shoulder until she moaned, EnoughHow strange about Mr. Audley. She would never have pegged him for a morning person.Good morning, your grace, Grace said, moving to the windows. She pulled open the heavy velvet curtains. It was overcast, with a light mist, but the sun seemed to be making a good effort. Perhaps the clouds would burn off by afternoon.The dowager sat up straight against her pillows, queenly in her elaborately styled, domed canopy bed.She was nearly done with her series of morning exercises, which consisted of a flexing of the fingers, followed by a pointing of the toes, finishing with a twisting of her neck to the left and right. She never stretched it side to side, Grace had noticed. My chocolate, she s aid tersely.Right here, maam. Grace moved to the desk, where the maid had left the tray before hurrying off. Be wary, maam. Its hot.The dowager waited while Grace arranged the tray on her lap, then smoothed out the newspaper. It was only cardinal days old (three was standard in this region) and had been neatly iron out by the butler.My reading glasses.They were already in Graces hand.The dowager perched them on the tip of her nose, taking a gingerly sip of her chocolate as she perused the paper. Grace sat in the straight-back chair by the desk. It was not the most convenient location the dowager was as demanding in the morning as she was the rest of the day, and would surely have her hopping up and down and across the room to her bed. But Grace was not permitted to actually sit next to the bed. The dowager complained that it felt as if Grace were trying to read over her shoulder.Which was true, of course. Grace now had the newspaper transferred to her room once the dowager was t hrough with it. It was still only two and a half days old when she read it, which was twelve hours better than anyone else in the district.It was strange, really, the things that made one feel superior.Hmmm.Grace tilted her head but did not inquire. If she inquired, the dowager would never tell.There was a fire at Howath Hall, the dowager said.Grace was not certain where that was. I do hope no one was injured.The dowager read a few more lines, then answered, Just a footman. And two maids. And then a moment later The dog perished. Oh my, that is a shame.Grace did not comment. She did not trust herself to engage in early morning conversations until shed had her own cup of chocolate, which she was generally not able to do until breakfast at seven.Her stomach rumbled at the thought. For someone who detested mornings as she did, shed come to adore breakfast fare. If they could only serve kippers and eggs for supper each evening, shed have been in heaven.She glanced at the clock. Only fif ty-five more minutes. She wondered if Mr. Audley was awake.Probably. Morning people never awoke with only ten minutes to spare before breakfast.She wondered what he looked like, all sleepy and rumpled.Is something wrong, Miss Eversleigh? the dowager sharply inquired.Grace blinked. Wrong, maam?You chirped. She said this with considerable distaste, as if handling something with a particularly foul smell.Im so sorry, maam, Grace said quickly, looking down at her hands folded in her lap. She could feel her cheeks growing warm, and she had a feeling that even in the morning light and with the dowagers diminished vision, her blush would be clearly visible.Really, she should not be imagining Mr. Audley, and especially not in any state of dishabille. paradise only knew what sorts of inappropriate sounds she would make the next time.But he was handsome. Even when all shed seen of him was the lower half of his face and his mask, that much had been clear. His lips were the sort that always he ld a touch of humor. She wondered if he even knew how to frown. And his eyesWell, she hadnt been able to see those that first night, and that was almost certainly a good thing. Shed never seen anything quite so emerald. They far outshone the dowagers emeralds, which, Grace was still chagrined to remember, shed risked her life (in theory, at least) to keep safe.Miss EversleighGrace jerked upright. Maam? The dowager pierced with a stare. You snorted.I did?Are you questioning my earreach?Of course not, maam. The dowager abhorred the notion that any part of her might be susceptible to the usual impairments of age. Grace cleared her throat. I apologize, maam. I was not aware. I essential have, ehrm, breathed heavily.Breathed heavily. The dowager appeared to find that as appealing as she had Graces earlier chirp.Grace touched a hand lightly to her chest. A bit of congestion, Im afraid.The dowagers nostrils flared as she peered down at the cup in her hands. I do hope you did not breathe on my chocolate.Of course not, maam. The kitchen maids always carry the tray up.The dowager evidently did not find any reason to ponder that further, and she turned back to her newspaper, leaving Grace alone once more with her thoughts of Mr. Audley.Mr. Audley.Miss EversleighAt that Grace stood. This was acquire ridiculous. Yes, maam?You sighed.I sighed?Do you deny it?No, Grace replied. That is to say, I did not notice that I sighed, but I certainly allow that I could have done so.The dowager waved an irritated hand in her direction. You are most distracting this morning.Grace felt her eyes light up. Did this mean shed escape early?Sit down, Miss Eversleigh.She sat. Apparently not.The dowager set down her newspaper and pressed her lips together. Tell me about my grandson.And the blush returned. I beg your pardon?The dowagers right eyebrow did a rather good imitation of a parasol top. You did show him to his room last night, didnt you?Of course, maam. At your directive.Well? What di d he say? I am eager to mark off what sort of man he is. The future of the family may very well rest in his hands.Grace thought guiltily of Thomas, whom shed somehow forgotten in the past twelve hours. He was everything a duke ought to be, and no one knew the castle as he did. Not even the dowager. Er, dont you think that might be a bit premature, your grace?Defending my other grandson, are we?Graces eyes widened. Something about the dowagers tone sounded positively malevolent. I consider his grace a friend, she said carefully. I would never wish him ill.Pfft. If Mr. Cavendish and dont you dare call him Mr. Audley really is the lucid issue of my John, then you are hardly wishing Wyndham ill. The man ought to be grateful.For having his title pulled from on a lower floor his feet?For having had the good fortune to have had it for as long as he did, the dowager retorted. If Mr. oh, bloody hell, Im going to call him John Jack, Grace thought.If John really is my Johns legitimate so n, then Wyndham never really had the title to begin with. So one could hardly call it stripping.Except that he has been told since birth that it is his.Thats not my fault, is it? scoffed the dowager. And it has hardly been since birth.No, Grace allowed. Thomas had ascended to the title at the age of twenty, when his father perished of a lung ailment. But he has known since birth that it would one day be his, which is much the same thing.The dowager grumbled a bit about that, using the same peevish undertone she always used when presented with an argument to which she had no ready contradiction. She gave Grace one terminal glare and then picked up her newspaper again, snapping it upright in front of her face.Grace took advantage of the moment to let her posture slip. She did not dare close her eyes.And sure enough, only ten seconds passed before the dowager brought the paper back down and asked sharply, Do you think he will make a good duke?Mr. Au Grace caught herself just in time . Er, our new guest?The dowager rolled her eyes at her verbal acrobatics. Call him Mr. Cavendish. It is his name.But it is not what he wishes to be called.I dont give a damn what he wishes to be called. He is who he is. The dowager took a long gulp of her chocolate. We all are. And its a good thing, too.Grace said nothing. Shed been forced to endure the dowagers lectures on the natural order of man far too many times to risk provoking a repeat performance.You did not answer my question, Miss Eversleigh.Grace took a moment to decide upon her reply. I really could not say, maam. Not on such a short acquaintance.It was broadly true. It was difficult to think of anyone besides Thomas holding the title, but Mr.Audley for all his lovely friendliness and humor seemed to lack a certain gravitas. He was intelligent, certainly, but did he possess the acumen and judgment necessary to run an estate the size of Wyndham?Belgrave might have been the familys primary domicile, but there were coun tless other holdings, two in England and abroad. Thomas employed at least a dozen secretaries and managers to aid him in his stewardship, but he was no absentee landlord. If he had not walked every inch of the Belgrave lands, she would wager that hed come close. And Grace had substituted for the dowager on enough of her duties around the estate to know that Thomas knew nearly all of his tenants by name.Grace had always thought that a remarkable achievement for one brought up as he had been, with a constant emphasis on the Wyndham place in the hierarchy of man. (Just below the king, and well above you, thank you very much.)Thomas liked to present to the world the image of a slightly bored, sophisticated man of the ton, but there was quite a bit more to him. It was why he was so very good at what he did, she supposed.And why it was so callous of the dowager to treat him with such a lack of regard. Grace supposed that one had to possess feelings in order to have a care for those of ot hers, but really, the dowager had quite gone beyond her usual selfishness.Grace had no idea whether Thomas had returned the night before, but if he hadntwell, she wouldnt blame him.More chocolate, Miss Eversleigh.Grace stood and refilled the dowagers cup from the pot shed left on the bedside table.What did you talk about last night?Grace decided to feign obtuseness. I retired early. She tilted the pot back, careful not to drip. With your very kind permission.The dowager scowled. Grace avoided the expression by return the chocolate pot to its spot on the table. It took her an impressively long time to get it just so.Did he speak of me? the dowager asked.Er, not so very much, Grace hedged.Not very much or not at all?Grace turned. There was only so much interrogation she could avoid before the dowager lost her temper.Im certain he mentioned you.What did he say?Good heavens. How was she meant to say that hed called her an old bat? And if he hadnt called her that, then hed probably call ed her something worse. I dont recall precisely, maam, Grace said. Im terribly sorry. I was not aware you wished for me to take note of his words.Well, next time, do so, the dowager muttered. She turned to her newspaper, then looked up toward the window, her mouth in a straight, recalcitrant line. Grace stood still, her hands clasped in front of her, and waited patiently while the dowager fussed and turned and sipped and anchor her teeth, and then it was hard to believe, but Grace thought she might actually feel sorry for the older woman.He reminds me of you, she said, before she could think the better of it.The dowager turned to her with delighted eyes. He does? How?Grace felt her stomach drop, although she was not certain if this was due to the uncharacteristic happiness on the dowagers face or the fact that she had no idea what to say. Well, not completely, of course, she stalled, but there is something in the expression.But after about ten seconds of smiling blandly, it became apparent to Grace that the dowager was waiting for more. His eyebrow, she said, in what she thought was a stroke of genius. He lifts it like you do.Like this? The dowagers left brow shot up so fast Grace was surprised it did not go away off her face.Er, yes. Somewhat like that. His are Grace made awkward motions near her own brows.Bushier?Yes.Well, he is a man.Yes. Oh, yes.Can he do both?Grace stared at her blankly. Both, maam?The dowager began lifting and dropping her brows in alternation. Left, right, left, right. It was a singularly bizarre spectacle.I do not know, Grace said. Quickly. To cut her off.Very strange, the dowager said, returning both of her brows back to where Grace hoped shed keep them. My John could not do it.Heredity is very mysterious, Grace agreed. My father could not do this she took her thumb and lot it back until it touched her forearm but he said his father could.Aah The dowager turned aside in disgust. Put it back Put it backGrace smiled and said with perfect mildness, You will not wish to see what I can do with my elbow, then.Good Lord, no. The dowager snorted and waved toward the door. I am through with you. Go see to breakfast.Shall I have Nancy help you dress?The dowager let out the most amazingly long-suffering sigh, as if a lifetime of aristocratic immunity was just too much. Yes, she agreed gracelessly, if only because I cant bear to look at your thumb.Grace chuckled. And she must have been feeling especially bold, because she did not even attempt to stifle it.Are you laughing at me, Miss Eversleigh?Of course notDont, the dowager said sharply, even think about saying youre laughing with me.I was just laughing, maam, Grace said, her face twitching with the smile she could not keep contained.I do that sometimes.I have never witnessed it. Said as if this meant it couldnt possibly be true.Grace could not say any of the three rejoinders that immediately sprang to mind That is because you are not listening, your grace.That is b ecause I rarely have cause to laugh in your presence.orWhat of it?So instead she smiled warmly, even. Now this was strange. Shed spent so much of her time swallowing her retorts, and it always left a bitter taste in her mouth.But not this time. This time she felt light. Unfettered. If she could not speak her mind to the dowager, she didnt much care. She had too much to look forward to this morning.Breakfast. Bacon and eggs. Kippers. Toast with butter and marmalade, too, andAnd him.Mr. Audley.Jack.

Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment Essay

Freuds latency period theory is accurate, because these years ar mainly focused on social interaction with differents (Friedman & Schustack, p. 72, 2012). This decimal point is non considered to be a stage of the psychointimate comement rather the energy is tell into other activities much(prenominal) as sports, school, and social interaction with their peers (Stevenson, 1996). During the latency period the libido is suppressed and this is the most important time for the development of social skills (Freuds psychoanalysis A Revolutionary Approach, 2012). Freud theorized at this time a kid goes through infantile amnesia it is when the child forgets the unwanted memories that may be deemed as traumatic for him/her (Definition Latency Period, n.d.). If there is anything that went amiss this is when it will start to show-up in the personality (Freuds Stages of Psychosexual Development, n.d.). Genital stage of psychosexual development is the last phase in Freudian theory. This sta ge starts at the onset of puberty and goes into adulthood (Sigmund Freuds Psychosexual Development, n.d.). introductory stages were mainly on individual accomplishments and learning ones place in the family as strong as in society. Individuals normally start to develop sexual desires for the opposite sex at the beginning of this stage and last until death (Cherry, n.d.). It is of the most importance that there be no problems with the other stages, if rough issues were not resolved in the other stages more than likely it will carry over into the final stage and can lead to severe mental problems for the adult (The Science Museum, 2004). Some things about Freudian theory are understandable, but there are certain aspects of it that a person would disagree on. For fount the Phallic stage is when the child is focused on the genitals (Friedman & Schustack, p. 69, 2012). Children at that age are too young to understand things in a sexual way. If a child does understand things like tha t at that age a person would rightfully be thinking that something traumatic has happened to the child to lead the child into that kind of behavior much(prenominal) as masturbation. Starting at around age two a child enters the Anal stage (Friedman & Schustack, p. 68, 2012).Children as well as adults need relief, when you need to go you need to go they as in children do not understand let alone are receptive of using the backside unless they are properly trained to do so. If a child does try to hold it in that would be an indicator that the parents are not doing something right in the first place. Scolding a child for not going at a certain time, may be an indicator, if the child is toilsome to holding it in. There are five different stages of Freudian theory and each with its own sets of personal characteristics, depending on if a person becomes fixated at a certain stage. Oral stage is the first stage, it is said that if a person becomes fixated at this stage they may develop behaviors such as, dependency, attachment, and always having something in their mouth, such as chewing gum, and tobacco products (Friedman & Schustack, p. 68, 2012).Anal stage of development is said to include behaviors such as concern with neatness, order, and organization. They might also like bathroom humor jokes and the like (Friedman & Schustack, p.69, 2012). Phallic stage is mainly concerned with developing sexual relationships and can ready a profound effect on these kinds of relationships. If the problems are not resolved before a person establishes this kind of relationship with someone else (Friedman & Schustack, p. 70, 2012). Latency period can have an impact negative effect on behavior as well just like any other stage of development. Even though this period is not included in the psychosexual stages of development (Friedman & Schustack, p. 72, 2012).Genital stage of development is the last stage in the Freudian theory problems can arise because of unresolved issues in the other stages or can also develop in this stage under the right circumstances. Defense mechanisms are an attribute that a lot of people have to help deal with things that may be too hard to bear otherwise (Friedman & Schustack, p. 75, 2012). Repression is one of the coping mechanisms that are used by someone who has been traumatized, such as sexual abuse or witnessing a horrible event such as a violent death of someone close to them. self-discipline is another form of coping, though it is unhealthy.

Quazi

Afri bear Journal of Business Management Vol. 5(27), pp. 11005-11010, 9 November, 2011 Available online at http//www. academicjournals. org/AJBM DOI 10. 5897/AJBM11. 326 ISSN 1993-8233 2011 Academic Journals Full space Research Paper Impact of work expectant on souseds positivity Hassan Aftab Qazi1*, Syed Muhammad Amir Shah2, Zaheer Abbas3 and Tanzeela Nadeem4 1 University of Central Punjab, Lahore 1-Khayaban-e-Jinnah Road, M. A. Johar Town, Lahore, Pakistan. 2 Illama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 3 Islamic external University, Islamabad, Pakistan.Accepted 20 April, 2011 The correlativity surrounded by working cap and valueability of securelys is conk outd for the counseling of immediate payment cycle forethought. on the job(p) uppercase is made by the third important factors, debtor, opinionor and contrast. When we include notes conversion cycle (CCC) to working heavy(p) then it becomes working peachy management (WCM). dickens sectors ar select ed as a sample size automobile and oil and gas sector. The time period is from 2004 2009. Different variables affecting the favorableness of firms are selected.In this study, terminateworking dandy, inventory turnover in geezerhood, number beak receivable and monetary asset to total assets (FATA) are taken as independent variables. The result shows validatory movement of working capital letter (WC) on firms profitability. R shows the fitness of the specimen which is 49. 95%. The independent variables inform 49. 95% of the model. Key words running(a) capital management (WCM), cash conversion cycle (CCC), account receivable (AR). INTRODUCTION A good number of firms gull put sufficient cash in working capital. work capital management (WCM) is an important factor of financial management (FM).Debtor, creditor and inventory are the major comp unmatchednts of working capital (WC). Large stock and trade credit constitution grass increase the sales volume. Inventory is the m ain part of the working capital. Increase in the inventory will give decrease in the risk of stock come forward. Inventory is done for fulfilling the demand of the public. Inventory is the liability of the company to sell it. The other element of working capital (WC) is accounts account payable (AP). Firms deal check the quality of the products provided by the producer by giving them late payment, whether it is suitable for the firm or not.Late payments create very bad impression of the firm in the market. Accounts receivable is also the major part of the working capital. Delay in the days of receivable creates more than complication for the company. Working capital management is still taken lightly by some companies. It works as a key to free the cash from stock, accounts payable (AP) and accounts receivable (AR). To deal with the less(prenominal) important aspects of efficient and effective Working great(p) (WC), firms cigaret sharply reduce the out sourcing and they can save the money for future investment or opportunities.This can create more financial flexibility and increase the worth of the firm by reducing capital employed (Buchmann and Jung, 2008). This study basically focuses on the long run financial decisions, future investments and allocations of funds, dividends and valuation of the firm in the stock market. However, balance sheet components assets and liabilities are significant in mulct shape planning and they need to be carefully considerd by the firm. Short marge assets and liabilities are managed carefully by working capital management (WCM) for the process of the firms profitability (Smith, 1980).For creating good worth of the share in front of shareholders, firms have to manage working capital efficiently and effectively. Working capital management process starts from the purchase of raw material up to the sales of the goods. It creates significant jolt on the profitability and liquidity of the firms (Shin and Soenen, 1998). Net working capital (NWC) and gross working capital (GWC) are the two major concepts of working capital (WC). The total authoritative assets and *Corresponding author. E-mail emailprotected com. Tel +92-42-35880007 or +923334604314. 11006 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. orking capital (WC) can be replaced as a Gross working capital of the firm. By subtracting Current Liabi-lities from Current Assets it becomes Net Working Capital. Net working capital (NWC) can also be used to measure the liquidity but it is not useful when firms are compared with each other regarding performance, but useful in touchstone the internal control of the firm. The net working capital upholds to compare the liquidity of previous record of the firm performance. The main purpose of the working capital management (WCM) is to make the sustainable level of the working capital (WC) which is favorable for the firm.Net working capital (NWC) is the part of the currents assets which is main-tained finished funds having maturi ty life more than one year. Current assets represent the source of short terms funds. If the firm has less short term funds then it is supported by long term funds and sustains the firm value and market share price. This is very useful for the ana-lysis of trade between profitability and risk in the shares of the firm. Positive working capital (PWC) and Negative Working Capital (NWC) are the two possible signs. Positive working capital (PWC) is the sign of firm healthiness.Positive working capital (PWC) way that firm have the ability to pay the liabilities which maturity date are less than one year of the firm on due date. Positive working capital (PWC) is calculated by comparing Current Assets (CA) by current liabilities (CL). Negative Working Capital is the sign of firm fragileness. Negative working capital means that company does not have the ability to pay the short term liabilities. When the Working Capital (WC) shows negative sign, it indicates long term funds support the sh ort term funds and firm can easily pay the obligations on due date and save the value or worth of firm in the market.But in the opposite case, firm declining means bankruptcy. If declining working capital ratio continues for longer period then it can affect the firm value. If the firm skill is more in the operation, the more increase in working capital (WC). It can be analyzed by comparing the operation of working capital (WC) periodically. Working capital is raised from profits or outsourcing. Outsourcing means when there are more sales in the season but the firm is not able to invest and produce more products.From outsourcing, more liabilities arise but on the other way from investing more, revenue will generate from more sales and it will increase the assets of the firm. Working Capital Management (WCM) has its impact on profitability as well as liquidity of the company and the primeval goal of a company is to increase the annual revenues. Keeping the company liquid is an ex tremely main task also. Increase in company profitabiliy by reducing the liquidity of the company can bring some serious problems for it. Goals cannot be ignored at any terms because each individual goal has its own importance. If goal of maximizing the profit is gnored, survival is not possible for a longer time. Similarly, if liquidity objective is ignored, insolvency or bankruptcy could be faced. Because of these bases, comme il faut attention should be given to Working Capital Management (WCM) which affects the companies profits and through this, it will show the effect of the Working Capital (WC) on profitability (PRT). The enquiry problem of this study is does working capital have significant impact on profitability of a company? The objective of this reseach is to find out the correlation between working capital and profitability (PRT) through statistical abridgment of a sample of listed companies.The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of handed-down workin g capital policies (WCP) on the profitability (PRT) of the firms, to analyze whether Working Capital Policies (WCP) can become stable over a long run-up and to occupy a conclusion about the impact of working capital on the profitability of companies. LITERATURE REVIEW A significant portion of financial research is concerned with the Management of working capital (MWC). This issue has been investigated at both(prenominal) theoretical and empirical levels. Different researchers have worked on working capital from divergent perspectives and in different economic environment.The environments and perspectives are discussed in detail in this work. This paper is conducted for the association between working capital (WC) and value creation for shareholders. Working capital has three parts. First, account receivable second, account payable and third, inventory. Account receivable is a part of balance sheet, placed in the Asset spot (AS) and it is the inflows of firm. Account receivable i s maintained when a company makes sales on credit bases. Account payable is also the part of the balance sheet, placed on the liabilities side and also the outflows of the firm.Account payable is maintained when a company do sum expenditures on the credit bases and make a payment on different terms. Inventory is maintained for generating the revenues from sales. The standard measure for working capital management (WCM) is cash conversion cycle (CCC). Cash conversion period reflects the time duo between disbursement and collection of cash. Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) is based on three components number of days of account receivable, number of day of accounts payable and number of day of inventory. It is measured by the sum of inventory conversion period less payable conversion period.Different researchers use the name like net trade cycle for calculating the Working Capital Management (WCM). In this, every component is calculated in percenttage of sales (Soenen, 1998). Qazi et al. 1 1007 In Marcs visual sense most firms invest cash in working capital (WC) and it shows that the management of Working Capital leaves good impression on the Profitability of firms. Similarly, firms Working Capital Management (WCM) is a major part of financial positions. It helps the firms in maximizing their wealth and value of the shares. Larger inventory and trade policy can make higher sales for the firm.Large inventory reduces the risk of stock out for fulfilling the demand of the public. By providing credit sales to the customers, suppliers have significant cost advantage over financial institution (Deloof, 2002). Different researchers have different views that they test on the working capital. There is a positive correlation between account receivable and operating income of firm. Because if the good provided on credit bases then the days of the accounts receivable will not be for long period. On the theme of the accounts receivable, firms running their operations can meet th e payment on due date.Efficient liquidity management (ELM) is a process which includes planning and controlling of current assets (CA) and current liabilities (CL). Liquidity and profitability of firm have great relation with each other. This consanguinity can be analyzed by current ratio (CR) and cash gap (CG) (Abdual, 2007). Firms short terms liabilities are directly related to the former while the continuity of liabilities is concerned with the latter. Higher investment blocked in stock and accounts receivable creates problem for operation. Decrease in number of days of account receivable gives increase in early eserves (Padachi, 2006). Financial managers can gain profit by maintaining component of cash conversion cycle (CCC) at a higher level (Nazir and Afza, 2009). If the inventory gets to the minimum level and the number of days account receivable (NDAR) also becomes minimum, then firms can increase their profits and run their project efficiently and effectively (Abdul, 2007) . The policies of working capital management can help to measure the WC. If the policies which the firm is going to implement are very strict and helpful for the firm then the firm will not bear losses or stock out or less short term assets.The financing policies mean how to allocate the revenue to different departments and after how many days the firm is going to receive their payments and ability to pay his own payments. The share value can be created by the financial managers if they efficiently manage through conservative approach (Nazir and Afza, 2009). Different researchers use different analysis models. For empirical investigation, the anova and Pearson correlation analysis is applied. From these models, firm size and cash cycle can be measured easily.It is easy to measure the efficiency of working capital management (WCM), performance evaluation and the whole efficiency of the firm by compass up their targets. For calculating the overall efficiency of the firm, the target has to be achieved in limited time period. Researchers use pooled selective information for the analysis. In the pooled data, different independent variables much(prenominal) as regress combine with the dependent variable (Zariyawati, 2009). The financial leverage and growth in sales are the major factor of firm profitability. Firms have to select the best policy to improve their collection and payment period.Efficient management financing of working capital can increase their operational profitability (Abdul, 2010). afterward studying the above articles, it is seen that the results of all researchers are the same on working capital management (WCM) and profitability (PRT) regardless of different companies, environments and situations. METHODOLOGY This research is to analyze the impact of working capital (WC) on the profitability (PRT) of oil and gas and automobile industry with reference to Pakistan. Different statistical tools are applied to analyze the significance of the varia bles. So, the method of coefficient of correlation has been selected.Regression analysis is applied for testing the model reliability and significant relationship between variables. Data set and sample Two sectors are selected from Karachi Stock Exchange. The first is oil and gas and the second is automobile sector. A total of 20 companies are taken as sample for the data collection, which are collected from different sources. They are taken from 2004 2009 from the annual report. Some data are collected from the State coin bank of Pakistan (SBP). State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) provides an analysis report of different sectors and companies which were listed in Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE).In this study, different variables are taken to measure the working capital (WC). Working Capital is taken as independent variable (WC) while profitability is taken as dependent variable (PRT). In this case, profit after tax is taken as profitability of firms. Working Capital can be measured by diffe rent ways. First is net working capital (NWC), which is measured by current assets (CA), shared by current liabilities (CL). Second is inventory turnover in days (ITID), which is calculated by inventory divided by Cost of Goods Sold (CGS) and figure by 365.Third is number of day of accounts receivable (AAR), which is calculated by other current assets divided by sale and multiplied by 365. Forth is financial asset to total assets (FATA), which is calculated by adding cash and investment and the whole divided by total assets. In addition, current ratio (CR), debt to equity ratio (DER) and sales natural logarithm (LOS) are taken as control variable in this analysis. All the aforementioned variables are affecting the Working Capital, Working Capital Management (WCM) and it will have negative or positive impact on the profitability of the firms.Hypotheses testing The objective of this research is to examine the impact of Working Capital (WC) on the profitability of firms. Figure 1 sho ws the impact 11008 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. Figure 1. Impact of Working Capital on Profitability. of working capital on profitability H1 Working capital has positive effect on the profitability of firms. H0 Working capital has no positive effect on the profitability of firms. case specification In this study, panel data turnabout analysis and time series of data are taken. For the regression analysis, pooled data are used.In this pooled data, all variables are combined on the same level and selected variables are grouped as independent and dependent variables. After that, all variables are selected for regression and correlation analysis. feigning equation PRT it = ? 0 + ? 1 (AAR it) + ? 2 (ITID it) + ? 3 (CR it) + ? 4 (DER it) + ? 5 (LOS it) + ? 6 (FATA it) + ? 7 (NWC it) + ? PRTi t = Net Profit t i = 1- 20 firms. ?0 Beta ? i Coefficients X it X it Independent variables i at time t t Time = 1-5 years. ? The phantasm term Whereas, AAR = middling Account Receivable ITID = Inventor y Turnover in Days CR = Current Ratio LOS = Sales logarithmFATA = Financial Assets to Total Assets NWC = Net Working Capital DER = Debt Equity Ratio Qualitative analyses In this paper, two analyses are applied. First, correlation and statistical tools are applied in these data. We select person correlation model for this study to find out the degree of correlation among dependent and independent variables. In the regression analysis, we gather the data from annual reports and turn it to the same level. This congregation of data is called pooled data. For this analysis, we select E-views software to analyze it correctly in the case of pooled data.DATA ANALYSIS AND REGRESSION RESULTS The correlation and determination coefficients are the measures of the regression model. First, correlation coefficient (49. 95%) and the determination coefficient (26. 12%) show the degree of correlation among working capital and profitability of selected firms from oil and gas and automobile sector ove r 2004 2009. The standard error value is 6. 5926 and F-statistics value is 5. 4213 which is significant at 1% and shows 100% fitness of the model (Table 1). Similarly, the Durbin-Watson statistics is 1. 9991 which clearly defines that there is no serial correlation in this regression model.Table 2 shows the estimation results of the six antecedents for the independent variable of working capital at Qazi et al. 11009 Table 1. Model summary. R R2 Adjusted R-squared Standard Error of image Durbin-Watson statistics F statistics 0. 499599 0. 261211 0. 213029 6. 592679 1. 991426 5. 421362 Table 2. Estimation results. Variable NWC NDAR ITID FATA DER CR Means 23. 58595 129. 4913 75. 80012 0. 217936 17. 96434 18. 85266 SD 8. 415465 351. 7532 143. 2339 0. 191679 3. 368055 0. 597391 T stats 4. 520358 0. 254527 0. 937944 -0. 477942 -0. 554939 0. 096545 Remarks Sig Not Sig Not Sig Not Sig Not Sig Not Sig Table 3.Correlation matrix. PROFIT NWC NDAR ITID FATA DER CR PROFIT 1. 000000 0. 474400 0. 109619 0. 112621 -0. 124623 -0. 201328 -0. 217375 NWC 1. 000000 -0. 086246 -0. 125120 -0. 054646 -0. 308676 -0. 397314 NDAR IITD FATA DER CR 1. 000000 0. 748882 -0. 190807 -0. 095937 -0. 040053 1. 000000 -0. 311687 0. 061122 -0. 118921 1. 000000 0. 078238 0. 396036 1. 000000 0. 008978 1. 000000 1% significance level. The results show that Net Working Capital (NWC) has positive and significant impact on the Profitability (PRT) of firms and the rest of the variables explain the behavior of profitability but have no significant impact on profitability.In the correlation results shown in Table 3, networking capital has soaked positive relationship with profitability of firms while number of days of account receivable (NDAR) and Inventory turnover in days (ITD) are positive but have weak correlation power with profitability of firms financial assets to total assets (FATA), debt equity ratio (DER) and current ratio (CR) are weak and negatively correlate with the Profitability (PRT) of t he firms.But the correlation results of independent variables somehow showed positive and strong correlation of inventory turnover in days (ITD) with number of days account receivable (NDAR) and a strong but negative correlation of current ratio with net working capital the remaining variables correlate but are weak in both the positive and negative sense, thus the concept of colinearity does not exist among the variables as evident by the analysis results. Conclusion This study is the relationship of working capital (WC) and profitability (PRT) of firms. orking capital (WC) is the major portion of the balance sheet. In this paper, data are collected form Annual Reports (AR) and analysis report which is provided from the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). In this analysis report, the companies which are listed in stock exchange are analyzed and summarized. In this research, oil and gas and automobile sectors are taken 11010 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. as sample. Data are taken from 2004 2009. In this research, R shows the fitness of model which is 49. 95%. The independent variables explain 49. 95% of the model.In the regression results, only net working capital is positive and significant and Number of Days of Account Receivable (NDAR) and Inventory Turnover in Days (ITD) are positive but insignificant and all other independent variables are negative and insignificant. In the correlation results, networking capital is positively correlated with profitability of the firms. The other two variables are sapless correlated with the profitability of firms and the other three independent variables are negatively correlated with profitability of firms.Hence, the empirical results of the paper show the positive trend of working capital on profitability of the firms. The results are supported by previous studies of Rahman (2007) and Nazir and Afza (2009) and Deloof (2002) on the Working Capital (WC). REFERENCES Abdual RMN (2007). Working Capital Management And Profitability tr ip Of. Int. Rev. Bus. Res. Papers, pp. 279-300. Abdul RMN (2007). Working Capital Management And Profitability theme Of Pakistani Firms. Int. Rev. Bus. Res. Papers, pp. 79-300. Abdul RTA (2010). Working Capital Management and Corporate Performance of Manufacturing Sector in Pakistan. Int. Res. J. Finan. Econ. , 47 152. Buchmann P, Jung U (2008). Best-practice working capital management Techniques for optimizing inventories, receivables, and payables. Q. Financ. , pp. 1-7. Deloof M (2002). Does Working Capital Management Affect Profitability of Belgian Firms? investopedia. com. (2010). Working capital definations negative working capital, positive working capital.Retrieved October 10, 2010, from www. investopedia. com http//www. investopedia. com/terms/w/workingcapital. asp. Nazir S, Afza T (2009). Impact of Aggressive Working Capital Management Policy on Firms Profitability. J. Applied Manage . Padachi K (2006). Trends in Working Capital Management and its Impact on Firms Perform ance An Analysis of Mauritian Small Manufacturing Firms. Int. Rev. Bus. Res. Papers, pp. 45 -58. Shin HH, Soenen L (1998). Efficiency of working capital management and corporate profitability.Financ. Pract. Educ. , pp. 37-45. Smith K (1980). Profitability versus liquidity tradeoffs in working capital management, in readings on the management of working capital. ST. Pual,New York West make Company. Soenen S (1998). Liquidity management, operating performance, and corporate value evidence from Japan and Taiwan. J Multi. Manage. , 159-169. Zariyawati MN (2009). Working capital management and corporate performanceCase of Malaysia. J. Modern Account. Audit. , 5(11) 4754.

All About Smoking in the Philippines Essay

The campaign against hummer, which kills close to 90,000 stack a year in the Philippines on a par with the number of deaths in natural disasters or conflicts is becoming a losing battle.My friends look so cool smoking, Arnold Santos of Mandaluyong City said, who took up the garment out of accomplice pressure. Now, I stool 10 cigargonttes a day, the 17-year-old, who has no plans of breakting just yet, said.Despite the passage of the Tobacco Control Act, more(prenominal) Filipino youths are right away smoking, indicating that the equity has non been effective, Maricar Limpin, executive director of the role model Convention on Tobacco Control Alliance Philippines (FCAP), said.The 2003 act furbish ups both the guidelines for and regulation of the packageing, sale, distribution and advertisements of baccy products.Among a nonher(prenominal)s, it mandates the printing of warnings in either English or Filipino of the harmful effects of smoking.Yet a recent global youth tobac co contemplate showed that smoking prevalence among Filipino youth had jumped from 15 percent in 2003 to 21.6 percent in 2007.We are losing the war against smoking, Limpin c erstded.At least 240 Filipinos die for each one day 87,600 a year from smoking-related diseases such as lung cancer, cardiac arrest, stroke and other chronic-obstructive lung failures, the health department reported.These figures are based on the 2005-2006 Tobacco and beggary Study in the Philippines conducted by the College of familiar Health of the University of the Philippines, National Epidemiology Center of the Department of Health and the World Health Organization (WHO).The figures are higher than Malaysia and Vietnam, where 10,000 and 40,000 people respectively die each year from smoking-related diseases, but lower than Indonesia, where 400,000 people die annu all(prenominal)y.Graphic warningsSince 2007, separate bills seduce been pending with lawmakers to introduce the printing of pictural health warnings.An FCAP survey on 10,000 Filipino youths revealed they were more receptive to graphic warnings than text warnings.Limpin said the survey showed that the graphic design had a better top executive to engender the health bumps related to smoking and some said it stopped them from buying cigarettes.While the visual warning has little effect on long- cartridge holder smokingrs, preventing puppy alike(p) people from taking up the habit would deny tobacco companies a new market, Limpin said. The indus adjudicate knows that the introduction of graphic warnings threatens its future market, Limpin said.In the Senate, the bill is now being discussed in the plenary. But in the Ho drug abuse, composed of district and party list representatives from all 78 provinces, the bill has not passed the committee level because of encounter from legislators.It is being blocked because of fears it could kill the tobacco industry, Northern Samar Rep. Paul Daza, main author of the anti-smoking bill, said.According to the National Tobacco Authority, more than 57,000 farmers are engaged in tobacco farming.La Union Rep. Victor Francisco said the main flaw of the bill was that it would raise the prices of local tobacco products compared with imports.To compete, local manufacturers would become no quality but to increase their prices because of the plusal cost, he said.In addition, the bill failed to factor in the repercussions on local livelihoods al near two million people bet on the tobacco industry.Our tobacco farmers, especially in the north, cannot easily shift to other crops because the soil is not compatible with other produce, Francisco said.The WHOs Tobacco Framework Convention on Tobacco, to which the Philippines is a signatory, recommends the use of effective campaigns against tobacco consumption. Article 11 requires that state signatories adopt effective measures by September 2008, but the Philippines disoriented the deadline. Filed under medicine, philippine sHarmful Health Effects Of sess CigarettesThe harmful health effects of smoking cigarettes presented in the list below only begin to convey the long term side effects of smoking. Quitting makes sense for m all reasons but simply put smoking is bad for health. Harmful Effects of locoweed* each year hundreds of thousands of people around the world die from diseases caused by smoking cigarettes Smoking KILLS. * One in two lifetime smokers will die from their habit. half of these deaths will hail in middle age. * Tobacco smoke withal contributes to a number of cancers.* The mixture of nicotine and carbon monoxide in each cigarette you smoke temporarily increases your bone marrow rate and blood pressure, straining your heart and blood vessels. * This can cause heart attacks and stroke. It slows your blood flow, cutting off oxygen to your feet and hands. nearly smokers end up having their limbs amputated.* Tar coats your lungs like soot in a chimney and causes cancer. A 20-a-day smoker breathes in up to a full cupful (210 g) of tar in a year. *Changing to low-tar cigarettes does not help because smokers usually shrink deeper puffs and hold the smoke in for longer, dragging the tar deeper into their lungs. * Carbon monoxide robs your muscles, wiz and body tissue of oxygen, making your whole body and especially your heart work harder. Over time, your airways swell up and let less air into your lungs. * Smoking causes disease and is a slow way to die. The strain of smoking effects on the body often causes years of suffering. Emphysema is an illness that slowly rots your lungs. plenty with emphysema often get bronchitis again and again, and suffer lung and heart failure.* Lung cancer from smoking is caused by the tar in tobacco smoke. Men who smoke are ten times more likely to die from lung cancer than non-smokers. * Heart disease and strokes are also more common among smokers than non-smokers. * Smoking causes fat deposits to take and block blood vessels which leads to heart attack. * Smoking causes around one in five deaths from heart disease. * In younger people, three out of four deaths from heart disease are due to smoking. * Cigarette smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of low birth cant over, prematurity, spontaneous abortion, and perinatal mortality in humans, which has been referred to as the fetal tobacco syndrome. As mentioned earlier, this list can only begin to convey the harmful health effects of smoking cigarettes and its long term side effects. adjoining we consider reasons why smoking is bad for those around you in the effects of second hand smoke. Quit-Smoking-Stop.com2011 Len Johnson. All Rights Reserved. medical checkup Disclaimer Privacy Advantages and Disadvantages of SmokingSmoking is a bad habit widespread among teenagers.It drives dangerous items which destroy the human brain and lungs. It causes different diseases such as cancer in different areas in the human body. From the religious point of v iew,its prohibited . There are different clear versuses in the Holy Quran as God says wear outt throw yourself in the destroy. The reason of the teenagers smoking is based on psychologica factors.Through smoking they think they show people that they are adult and can do whatever they want. Advantages and Disadvantages of SmokingThe great tobacco debate has been going on for years. Ever since it was determined that smoking cigarettes causes lung cancer, along with a host of other diseases, non-smokers have been railing against the evils of cigarettes, while many smokers have clung to their tobacco like a miser with his last penny. But the question is, are the smokers right? Are there then advantages to tobacco use? Die-hard cigarette users claim many benefits to smoking, some are the hailing * Peer group acceptance if peers smoke* Effective weight loss aid* Performance enhancement in tasks requiring* concentration* Stress relief* somewhat smokers truly enjoy the tasteThere are iss ues with most of these perceived advantages. If a smoker attempts to change peer groups, they could invent smoking to be a barrier to acceptance. The performance enhancement is minimal after the premier(prenominal) few cigarettes a smoker has in their lifetime from that point on, it is just a perception of enhancement based on the memory of those initial cigarettes. free weight loss and stress relief could be as effectively obtained by other, healthier means. Therefore the only valid advantage is if a smoker actually enjoys the taste, but one has to wonder if they dont enjoy the taste of the cigarette merely because they cannot taste anything else. The disadvantages to smoking are far more numerous, and a lot harder to argue against, a sampling of them include * Death from disease caused by smoking* Diseases (even if they dont cause death)* Lung Cancer* Throat Cancer* communicate Cancer* Many other types of cancer have also been linked to tobacco use * Emphysema* COPD* Asthma* Decreased lung function* Advanced signs of aging* Cost of cigarettes, applicable taxes and paraphernalia such as lighters * Decreased acceptance by non-smoking peers* The lingering odor of smoke on body and clothing* take down ability to exercise due to inability to breathe * Cost of stop-smoking aids when the decision to quit is made It is clear that the disadvantages of smoking far outweigh any perceived advantages. While there is a cost associated with quitting, over time the damage smoking had done to the body can reverse itself if a psyche ceases tobacco use. This puts that cost into perspective, especially when compared to the thousands of dollars spent e genuinely year on smoking. With all the disadvantages to continued smoking and no real advantages to it, isnt it time you relieve your health and your money by putting in the effort to become tobacco-free? How To Quit SmokingAnd Quit For KeepsU.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service National Ins titutes of HealthINTRODUCTIONThis guides you from thinking most stopping through actually doing it from the day you quit to quitting for stays. It haps tips on fighting come-on and what to do if you give in and on avoiding weight gain (a handy Snack Calorie Chart is included). By telling you what to expect, it can help you through the day-to-day butt against of becoming and remaining a nonsmoker.hither youll see a variety of tips and helpful hints on beef your smoking habit. Take a few moments to look at each suggestion carefully. Pick those you feel comfortable with, and decide today that youre going to use them to quit. It may take a while to find the combination thats right for you, but you can quit for good, even if youve tried to quit earlier.Many smokers have fortunately given up cigarettes by renewal them with new habits, without quitting cold turkey, planning a special program, or seeking professional help. The following approaches include many of those most popu lar with ex-smokers.Remember that successful methods are as different as the people who use them. What may seem silly to others may be just what you rent to quit so dont be embarrassed to try something new. These methods can make your own personal efforts a little easier.Pick the ideas that make sense to you. And then follow through youll have a much better chance of success. PREPARING YOURSELF FORQUITTING * Decide positively that you want to quit. Try to avoid negative thoughts about how difficult it great power be. * List all the reasons you want to quit. Every night before going to bed, repeat one of the reasons 10 times. * Develop strong personal reasons in addition to your health and obligations to others. For example, think of all the time you waste taking cigarette breaks, rushing out to buy a pack, hunting for a light, etc. * cast down to condition yourself physically Start a modest exercise program drink more fluids get plenty of rest and avoid fatigue. * Set a target date for quitting perhaps a special day such as your birthday, your anniversary, or the Great American Smokeout.If you smoke heavily at work, quit during your vacation so that youre already committed to quitting when you return. Make the date sacred, and dont let anything change it. This will make it easy for you to keep track of the day you became a nonsmoker and to celebrate that date every year. KNOWING WHAT TO EXPECT * Have realistic expectations quitting isnt easy, but its not impossible either. More than 3 million Americans quit every year. * Understand that withdrawal symptoms are TEMPORARY. They usually last only 1-2 weeks. * Know that most relapses occur in the outgrowth week after quitting, when withdrawal symptoms are strongest and your body is still dependent on nicotine. Be aware(p) that this will be your hardest time, and use all your personal resources willpower, family, friends, and the tips in this booklet to get you through this critical period successfully . * Know that most other relapses occur in the first 3 months after quitting, with situational triggers such as a particularly stressful event occur unexpectedly.These are the times when people reach for cigarettes automatically, because they associate smoking with relaxing. This is the human body of situation thats hard to prepare yourself for until it happens, so its especially important to recognize it if it does happen. Remember that smoking is a habit, but a habit you can break. * Realize that most successful ex-smokers quit for good only after several attempts. You may be one of those who can quit your first try. But if youre not, DONT GIVE UP. Try again.INVOLVING SOMEONE ELSE * Bet a friend you can quit on your target date. roll your cigarette money aside for every day, and forfeit it if you smoke. (But if you do smoke, DONT GIVE UP. Simply strengthen your resolve and try again.) * Ask your first mate or a friend to quit with you.* Tell your family and friends that youre quitting and when. They can be an important source of support, both before and after you quit. * Alta Mira Recovery offers an yard bird nicotine cessation program designed for long-term, chronic smokers.WAYS OF QUITTINGSwitch brands * Switch to a brand you find distasteful. * stir to a brand thats low in tar and nicotine a couple of weeks before your target date. This will help change your smoking behavior. However, DO NOT smoke more cigarettes, inhale them more often or more deeply, or place your fingertips over the holes in the filters. All of these will increase your nicotine intake, and the idea is to get your body used to mathematical process without nicotine.Cut down the number of cigarettes you smoke * Smoke only half of each cigarette. * Each day, postpone lighting your first cigarette 1 hour. * Decide youll smoke only during odd or even hours of the day. * Decide beforehand how many cigarettes youll smoke during the day. For each additional cigarette, give a dollar to y our favorite charity.* Change your eating habits to help you cut down. For example, drink milk, which many people consider incompatible with smoking. End meals or snacks with something that wont lead to a cigarette. * pop off for a glass over of juice instead of a cigarette for a pick-me-up. * Remember Cutting down can help you quit, but its not a substitute for quitting. If youre down to about seven cigarettes a day, its time to set your target date and get ready to fetch to it. foolt Smoke Automatically * Smoke only those cigarettes you really want. Catch yourself before you light up a cigarette out of pure habit. * Dont empty your ashtrays. This will remind you of how many cigarettes youve smoked each day, and the sight and smell of stale butts will be very unpleasant. * Make yourself aware of each cigarette by using the opposite hand or putting cigarettes in an unfamiliar location or a different liquid ecstasy to break the automatic reach.* If you light up many times during the day without even thinking about it, try to look in a reverberate each time you put a match to your cigarette you may decide you dont need it.Make smoking inconvenient * Stop buying cigarettes by the carton. Wait until one pack is empty before you buy another. * Stop carrying cigarettes with you at home and at work. Make them difficult to get to.Make smoking unpleasant * Smoke only under circumstances that arent especially pleasurable for you. If you like to smoke with others, smoke alone. Turn your chair toward an empty boxful andfocus only on the cigarette you are smoking and its many negative effects. * Collect all you cigarette butts in one large glass container as a visual reminder of the filth smoking represents.JUST BEFORE QUITTING * Practice going without cigarettes. * Dont think of NEVER smoking again. prize of quitting in terms of 1 day at a time. * Tell yourself you wont smoke today, and then dont. * Clean your clothes to loose them of the cigarette smell, which c an linger a long time.ON THE DAY YOU QUIT* Throw away all your cigarettes and matches. Hide your lighters and ashtrays. * Visit the dentist and have your teething cleaned to get rid of tobacco stains. Notice how nice they look, and resolve to keep them that way. * Make a list of things youd like to buy for yourself or someone else. Estimate the cost in terms of packs of cigarettes, and put the money aside to buy these presents. * Keep very busy on the big day. Go to the movies, exercise, take long walks, go bike riding. * Remind your family and friends that this is your quit date, and ask them to help you over the rough spots of the first couple of days and weeks. * Buy yourself a treat or do something special to celebrate.IMMEDIATELY AFTER QUITTING * Develop a clean, fresh, nonsmoking environment around yourself at work and at home. Buy yourself flowers you may be surprised how much you can enjoy their scent now.* The first few days after you quit smoking, spend as much free tim e as possible in places where smoking isnt allowed, such as libraries, museums, theaters, department stores, and churches. * Drink large quantities of water and fruit juice (but avoid sodas that contain caffeine). * Try to avoid alcohol, coffee, and other beverages that you associate with cigarette smoking. * Strike up a conversation instead of a match for a cigarette. * If you miss the headliner of having a cigarette in your hand, play with something else a pencil, a paper clip, a marble. * If you miss having something in your mouth, try toothpicks or a fake cigarette.Avoid temptation * Instead of smoking after meals, get up from the table and brush your teeth or go for a walk. * If you always smoke while driving, beware to a particularly interesting radio program or your favorite music, or take public transportation for a while, if you can. * For the first 1-3 weeks, avoid situations you strongly associate with the pleasurable aspects of smoking, such as watching your favorite TV program, sitting in your favorite chair, or having a cocktail before dinner.*Until youre surefooted of your ability to stay off cigarettes, limit your socializing to healthful, outdoor activities or situations where smoking isnt allowed. * If you must be in a situation where youll be tempted to smoke (such as a cocktail or dinner party), try to associate with the nonsmokers there. * Try to analyze cigarette ads to understand how they attempt to sell you on respective(prenominal) brands.Find new habits * Change your habits to make smoking difficult, impossible, or unnecessary. For example, its hard to smoke when youre swimming, jogging, or playing tennis or handball. When your desire for a cigarette is intense, wash your hands or the dishes, or try new recipes. * Do things that require you to use your hands. Try crossword puzzles, needlework, gardening, or household chores. Go bike riding take the dog for a walk give yourself a manicure write letters. * Enjoy having a clean-mou th taste and maintain it by brushing your teeth frequently and using a mouthwash. * Stretch a lot. * Get plenty of rest. * Pay attention to your appearance. Look and feel sharp.* Try to find time for the activities that are the most meaningful, satisfying, and important to you.When you get the crazies * Keep oral substitutes handy try carrots, pickles, sunflower seeds, apples, celery, raisins, or sugarless gum instead of a cigarette. * Take 10 deep breaths and hold the last one while lighting a match. Exhale slowly and blow out the match. Pretend its a cigarette and crush it out in an ashtray. * Take a shower or bath if possible. * Learn to relax quickly and deeply. Make yourself limp, see to it a soothing, pleasing situation, and get away from it all for a moment. Concentrate on that peaceful image and nothing else. * Light incense or a candle instead of a cigarette. * Never allow yourself to think that one wont hurt it will.About gaining weightMany people whore considering quit ting are very implicated about gaining weight. If youre concerned about gaining weight, keep these points in mind * Quitting doesnt mean youll automatically gain weight. When people gain, most of the time its because they eat more once theyve quit.* The benefits of giving up cigarettes far outweigh the drawbacks of adding a few extra pounds. Youd have to gain a very large get along of weight to offset the many substantial health benefits that a normal smoker gains by quitting. Watch what you eat, and if youre concerned about gaining weight, consider the following tipsTips to help you avoid weight gain * Make sure youhave a well-balanced diet, with the proper amounts of protein, carbohydrates, and fat. * Dont set a target date for a holiday, when the temptation of high-calorie food and drinks may be too hard to resist. * Drink a glass of water before your meals. * Weigh yourself weekly. * Chew sugarless gum when you want sweet foods. * Plan menus carefully, and count calories. Dont try to lose weight just try to maintain your prequitting weight. * Have low-calorie foods on hand for nibbling. Use the Snack Calorie Chart to choose foods that are both nutritious and low in calories. Some good choices are fresh fruits and vegetables, fruit and vegetable juices, low-fat cottage cheese, and air-popped popcorn without butter. * Take time for daily exercise, or join an organized exercise group. 5 Simple Methods to Treat Smoking AddictionBy Waqar AkhtarSmoking addiction popularly refers to the formation of an uncontrollable urge to smoke nicotine-induced tobacco cigarettes. This usually causes smokers of all ages to become dependent on cigarettes down to the point where kicking the habit causes severe mental, emotional, and even physical reactions. Various studies have presented statistical research that claims 2 out of 5 smokers may have higher percentages of dying at an early age due to their smoking addiction or by other causes related to smoking such as heart dis ease and cancer. Only a small percentage of those who have tried to quit smoking have succeeded to kick the habit. Based on various studies, 2 out of 30 smokers may stop smoking in an indefinite or permanent amount of time as opposed to the others who may stop the habit of smoking nicotine-induced cigarettes in intermittent periods of a day to a month or more. Here are some tips for those who want to quit smoking 1. Motivation is key this means that you should always be highly motivated to resolve your addiction on your own.You should make it a point to feel the urge to quit smoking more than the urge to smoke a few cigarettes a day until you get hold of your intentions of totally eradicating the addiction from your system. Gradually reducing your cigarette consumption may just lead to binges here and there, so you should set a schedule wherein you recollect to completely stop smoking and stick with it at all times. 2. Support helps this means that you should seek a support grou p amongst your family and friends. They will oftenat times be very accommodating of your needs when it comes to your purpose of kicking your smoking addiction. They may avoid smoking whenever youre with them since this would help reduce your cravings for cigarettes. This would also inform them about your intentions that would lead them to understand the changes in your personality since it has been known that withdrawals from nicotine-induced cigarettes often lead to irritability and depression among other emotional and mental symptoms. 3. Medical assistance is an option this means that you should consider consulting with your physician when it comes to quitting.This is because smoking addiction is now treated as a medical condition just like other addictions to regulated substances such as heroin and cocaine. These medical specialists may offer you support in terms of prescribing drugs and dietary programs that best suit your intentions of kicking the smoking habit. 4. Calculate t he cost of your addiction this can help some smokers to get rid of their smoking addiction once and for all, but it may not work for others. You need to think about the money you spend for financing your deadly habit, and the various things you could gain by channeling your cigarette money to your familys needs. You need to set up some sort of financial plan to best support your intentions of getting rid of your smoking addiction since this would add to the advantages you could gain once you successfully kick the habit out of your system. 5. Consider the health of others this is especially effective for smokers who live with their family and children. As passive smoking is more of a risk to children and adults alike than smoking itself, you should think about the people you endanger along with yourself whenever you smoke a cigarette at home or wherever you are with them.

Psychodynamic Theory and Person Centerd Counselling Essay

counseling takes place when a pleader hold backs a node in a private and secluded setting to explore a difficulty a guest is having, distress they whitethorn be experiencing or perhaps their dissatisf fermention with life, or loss of a feel of direction and purpose. It is always at the request of the node as no one can properly be sent for guidance. (Counselling central) By listening the counseling can begin to perceive the difficulties from the thickenings point of view and can help them to see things more(prenominal)(prenominal) clearly, possibly from a different perspective. Counselling is a way of enabling choice or change or of reducing confusion. It does not involve giving advice or directing a client to take a particular course of action. Counsellors do not judge or exploit their clients in whatsoever way. (Counselling central). The ii briny(prenominal) therpaies within counselling that I will focus on comparing on contrasting be soul centerd counselling.PCT is a form of talk-psychotherapy go uped bypsychologistCarl Rogersin the 1940s and 1950s. The goal of PCT is to provide clients with an opportunity to develop a gumption of egotism wherein they can realize how their attitudes, feelings and behavior ar being negatively affected and make an effort to find their true overconfident potentialIn this technique, healers create a comfortable, non-judgmentalenvironmentby demonstratingcongruence(genuineness),empathy, and flavourless positive understand toward their clients while using a non-directive approach.This aids clients in finding their own solutions to their problems. Secondly Psychoanalysisis apsychologicalandpsychotherapeutictheory conceived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis has expanded, been criticized and developed in different directions, mostly by some of Freuds colleagues and students, such asAlfred Adler,Carl Gustav JungandWilhelm Reich, and later by neo-Freudi ans such asErich Fromm,Karen Horney,Harry Stack SullivanandJacques Lacan.The basic tenets of psychoanalytic therapy include the following beside the inherited constitution of individualizedity, a persons development is determined by events in early childhood, human behaviour, experience, and cognition are largely determined by irrational drives, those drives are said to be largelyunconscious. This main take away of this assignment will be taking both(prenominal) person centred and psychoanalytic therapy and critically comparing them I will do this by giving an overview of the two therapies how they were developed, the principles they lie upon, what their relationships are based on.We will then look at how they are similar and withal how they differ by looking at the skills used and how they wrick as therapies to come to both do the same thing which is to help a client overcome an issue in their life. Person centred therapy is based on the brain that piece get a drive to grow towards their potential and will act with the best interest to themselves, if they are provided the right atmosphere (Mcleod,2008). The direction of therapy is guided by the client with the support of the therapist. The client is always the expert on themselves if they are provided with the right atmosphere for self-actualisation to occur.The central component being the client knows best the client knows where it hurts the most. The counsellors main motive is to relate to the client in such a way that he or she can find there sense of self direction. Carl Rodgers was the founder of person centred therapy. The development stemmed from Rodgers experiences of being a client and working as a counsellor (casemore) Rodgers didnt like the view of behaviourist that humans were organisms that react to stimuli and developed habits from learned experiences.Therefor in his work as a counsellor became increasingly uncomfortable with being the expert so began to develop a different view of what clients needed to experience in counselling, empathy congruence and unconditional positive regard. Rodgers proposed that human beings were always in the edge of becoming rather than being in a fixed state. As humans we have the captivity to develop in a basically positive direction given the right conditions.Thats not to say that he purview people are not somemagazines cruel or hurtful but every person has the tendencies towords strong positive direction. Rodgers proposed that when the conditions were growth promoting an individual could develop into a fully functioning person. Rodgers described his approach as a basic philosophy rather than a simple technique which empowers the individual and leads to personal and social transformation, grounded in empathic understanding being non-judgemental and congruent.For this reason the person centred approach is often seen as touchy feel relation and seen as muted skilled that lacks structure, sometimes said as a way of preparing the road for real therapy. However it does have a clear theory of self, the creation of distrees and the tehraputic process. Its aims are transformational and asks the counsellor to be a human and transparent be real(langridge). Freud is regarded as the founder of modern psychology, developing psychoanalysis. The therapy is based on the idea that a great deal of the individual behavior are not within conscious control.Therefor the main emphasis is to help the client lease to the deep root of the problem often theory, to stem from childhood. Based on the principle that childhood experiences effect our behavior as adults and effect out sentiment processe, Freud belived that these patterns and feelings can become repressed and may manifest themselves as depression or other negative symptoms. The client is able to reveal unconscious thought by talking freely aboput thought that enter their mind the analysis will attempt to interpratate and make sence of the clients experiances.Deeply burtie d experiances are expressed and the opportunity to handle tehase thoughts and feelings can help the client work by thease problems. Clients are asked to try and transfer thougts and feelings they have towords people in their life on the analyst this process is called transfernace the success depends on how the analysats and client work together. Psychoanalysis can be life changing if successful howver around 7 years of therpay is needed to list the full unconcious mind . regular sessions provide a setting to explore there thoughts and make sence of them.Psychoanalytic therapy is based on freuds work of pychoanalysis but little intensive it is found to be bennaficial for clients who want to understand more about tehmselves and useful to people who feel tehir problems have affcted them for a long period of time and need reliving of emotional disstress. Through deep exploration client and therapist try to understand the inner life of the client. Uncovering the uncocncious needs and thoughts may help the client understand how their past experiances affect their life today.It can also help them to work out how they can live a more fulfilling life. Person centred counselling and psychoanalytic therapy are both off springs of two great minded people Sigmund Freud and carl Rodgers the originators of these two approaches. Freud based his framework on his health check background , Rodgers was influenced by excistential phillosphy were the person is there central role in their growth and change. Some similarities can be drawn from a comparison betwewen the two models they both want to widen the concioussness but this is done in different means.Psychonalsis aims to make the unconscious conscious and by doing this helps the person gain controle over their thought and feelings. And the person cneterd approach helps the client to overcome a state of incongruence whilst psychoanalytic objective is two seek the repressed childhood experiances. The person centerd works thr ough the concioussness by focusing on the here and now. Kahn (1985) compares the term incongruence with psychoanalytic defence mechanism repression. To him both are the same thing but different versions. twain prevent the person from being aware of his their own feelings the onluy diffrnece being that Rodgers belives by imputing the center conditions of Two persons are in Psychological contact, The first, whom we shall term the client, is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable or anxious,The second person, whom we shall term the therapist is congruence or integrated in the relationship,The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for the client. The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the clients internal frame of reference and endeavours to communicate this experience to the client.The communication to the client of the therapists empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved. Then if thease are imputed inc ongruence will be shifted and psychoanalytic belive through interpretation of childhoon events repression can be acchived. some(prenominal) psychoanalytic and person centred involve empathy that is applied to client and therapist, enabling the client to gain new understanding and move away from distress and towards harmony with self and others. Therefor potentially both try to increase insight and strength towards the self.Other areas that overlap are also evident simple areas such as setting bounderies, along with assessment for therapy. From the first minuite of contact both persons become aware of their own and others aims, values and lifestyle by empathic attending. Both types of therapist are warm and open minded and accepting. In both therapies the therapist is bidden to provide a non judgemental respectful attitude towords the client. Both also share a commitment to the use of silence beliving it is an effective tool for therapy commiting to listening without impediment.The similarities are strongly guided by personal growth and development both have the interest of promoting self-reflection of the client. Their interest is to promote self-reflection of the clirnt. The relationship is very important in both and the main reason for this is to gain a beter insight and clearer understanding of the client. The aim is to build a relationship built on trust honesty and reliance on one another. The relationship is crucial in both therpays as without a tight relationship there is no ground work in place for the client to feel safe to explore.Both models encourage the client to relase emotions and it is through tehase that empathy can be experienced. On the other hand psychoanalytic theory stresses the importance of unconscious procedures and sexuality as the key terms for a deep understanding of the human pychopathology. Freud thought that dreams were the best way to explore the unconscious since they are disquised as the id whishes repressed by the ego in re vise to escape from awareness. The goal of counselling to Rodgers is the congruence of personality acchived when the self gains access to a variety of experiances. he need for self actualization can but be atteneded to once counsellor creates an atmosphere of unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding. There are considerable diffrences between the two approaches ialthough stated that they both create a strong knitted relationship between client ancd counsellor . person centers counselling the counsellor takes on a non directice role more like a companion rather than a leader and the client takes lead of the session were as psychodynamic counsellors take more of an authority figure in the relationship.Person centred firmly believes that the 6 core condition are necessary for change. Hoewever psychodynamic use of transference is to make interpretation to the client for effective change. Person centred would see using transference would not create a genuine relationship between counsellor and client. One of the central themes in person centred is the emphasis on the present behaviours of the client. Psychodynamic focuses on the past and how it determines the present behaviours.Pychodyanmic counsellors choose to remain neutral during a session as this encourages transference a major tool in psychodynamic therapy. McLeod (2004) points out that in person centered counselling, questions are only asked to clients when necessary and may also answer questions if asked by clients, as this was supports to create the quality of the relationship. This once again differs to the way Psychodynamic counsellors work as asking questions are pivotal during therapy as this elps to explore and build up relevant material, furthermore, it would be unlikely for a psychodynamic counsellor to answer any personal questions by the client and instead try to figure out why the question is important. Although both see the relationship as crucial each therapy maintains a difere nt way to responding to the client attitudes and values. for instance defences and transferance excist in both forms but handled in different ways. For person centerdit is a requirement that the core conditions are stimuiltaneous for the therapist thease core conditions repersent an openess to self experience and to the experience of another.Rodgers belived counsellors should be egalitarian in their meetings with clinets and a major diffrence concerns pychodynamic interpretations. Appearing as all wise(p) and going beyond what is un-concious based mostly on theory rather than a clients spacific experiances. Thorne (1996) states that pychodynamic therpay may go to early in interpratation to make sence to clients Pychodynamic interpratation specifically concerns the appellation of the unconcious for causeing problems that the clinet may be having.Only in the hermanutic meaning does the word interpratation make sence of things Hermeneutics applies to all persons who make sense of all situations, whereas psychodynamic interpretation in the narrow sense is the most specific ingredient of psychodynamic therapys efforts to make positive changes for clients. All in all psychodynamic approaches are based on freuds work based on the unconscious of the ID ego and superego which emphasis on sexual aggression.Person centerd is based on the belief that humans have unique qualities for freedom and growth beliving that we are beyond being controlled by ID ego and superego not controlled by sexual urges. The similarities between both approaches promote and guide the idea of progress and development. There main interest to promote self reflection and awarenss for the client in order to do this they effectively use communication.Both approaches are the result of hypothesis the main diffrences lie at the foundations and what is belived to work best however sometimes they meet for what may be the best too to use at the time of hearapy. prehaps what makes any thrapy work is the b elief that they can work if the client wants it to work there emotional needs and expectataions I belive that theory used does play a a very important role but it is the client who has the ability to change which ever root of therapy they take they can change no matter how they recive therapy live on it be in a humanistic approach or psychodynamic because if they expect it to work it will so maybe I am more for the person cneterd view as I belive that self actualisation and awarenss is very important to be able to facilitate growth.